A Review of the National Museums of the American Armed Services World War I Galleries
by
Daniel
World War I (WWI) holds a significant place in the history of many nations. The loss of life and wartime technological and scientific innovations make WWI stand out among other wars. The United States was a late entrant into WWI , and while America’s exact impact can be argued, its entrance broke the deadlock by both scaring Germany into a disastrous Spring 1918 offensive, and aiding in the victory of an allied counter-offensive that followed. Studying WWI through the military services should provide very specific information about the role of the service and its service members. The four museums I have researched and will be discussing are the National Museum of the United States Marine Corps (NMUSMC), the National Museum of the United States Air Force (NMUSAF), the National Museum of the United States Navy (NMUSN), and the currently under-construction National Museum of the United States Army (NMUSA).
Figure 1. Main Entrances of the Different Museums, Left to right: Marine Corps, Air Force, Navy[1], Army
National Museum of the United States Marine Corps (NMUSMC)
The NMUSMC, dedicated in 2006 by President George W. Bush, is located in Triangle, Virginia, near Quantico. The wide walkway from the parking lot to the museum entrance is made of pavestones engraved with the name, wars served in, and the birth and death years of the Marine whose name is on the stone. The walkway is flanked by large, white, tower-like structures, which stand above visitors at over 20 feet high as you approach the main entrance, which (Figure 1). The building itself is modeled after the picture of United States Marines raising the flag on Iwo Jima. As a whole, the exterior of the museum gives off a strong sense of sacrifice and pride of the United States Marines.
The NMUSMC, dedicated in 2006 by President George W. Bush, is located in Triangle, Virginia, near Quantico. The wide walkway from the parking lot to the museum entrance is made of pavestones engraved with the name, wars served in, and the birth and death years of the Marine whose name is on the stone. The walkway is flanked by large, white, tower-like structures, which stand above visitors at over 20 feet high as you approach the main entrance, which (Figure 1). The building itself is modeled after the picture of United States Marines raising the flag on Iwo Jima. As a whole, the exterior of the museum gives off a strong sense of sacrifice and pride of the United States Marines.
Figure 2. Curtiss Jenny, NMUSMC
When you enter the museum you immediately see a Curtiss Jenny (Figure 2), Harrier Jump Jet, SBD Dauntless, and F4U Corsair, all hanging from the ceiling; in addition to two life-size dioramas, one of a Marine landing party with an LVT, and the second, of Marines with a landed helicopter in Vietnam. The walls are engraved with quotes of military leaders of various time periods, and the exhibits are arranged in a timeline style, encircling the main room behind its walls, with the entrance to the start of the timeline to the left of the main entrance of the building. The museum takes you through the history of the Marines chronologically, meaning WWI is in the center of the timeline.
The entrance to the WWI exhibit is marked by an American soldier fighting hand-to-hand with a German machine gunner (Figure 3) and you are greeted by a video recreating a WWI era newsstand in the US (Figure 4). You move on into a windy pathway which is styled to look like a forest, along with two movies about the fighting at Belleau Wood. The first movie demonstrates the casualties resulting from the American usage of the European tactic of slowly marching across no-man’s land in a well spaced-out formation, and the Marines switching to using the American method of “Shoot-and-Scoot”, running a short distance, then dropping to the ground and firing, before moving again; along with crawling to avoid German machine guns.[2]
Figure 5. Movie on Belleau Wood, NMUSMC
The video (Figure 5) shows a reenactment of a Marine fireteam, armed with two Springfields, a Chauchat, and a Winchester M1897 12-gauge shotgun, attacking a German machine-gun nest.
Figure 6. Combat Correspondent, Floyd Gibbons, writing his famous report on Belleau Wood, NMUSMC
The next section of the exhibit shows a recreation of Combat Correspondent, Floyd Gibbons, typing his famous report on Belleau Wood in a foxhole, with an audio narrative of his report playing from a speaker (Figure 6). On the opposite side of the hallway there is an exhibit showing three US Marines and a Model T truck. One of the three Marines is loading supplies into the truck, another Marine is shown dressing a wound on the leg of the third Marine, who is lying inside the bed of the truck. Next, you reach a display of American and German weaponry (Figure 7) which includes items such as the Hotchkiss HMG, Chauchat LMG, MG 08 HMG, MG 08/15 LMG, Winchester M1897 pump-shotgun, M1903 Springfield rifle, Gewehr 98 rifle, Colt M1911, Luger Pistol, and Mauser Pistol.
Figure 7. Weapons display, NMUSMC
The next room contains a Thomas-Morse S4B scout aircraft, and a Standard B Liberty Truck. Marine aviation during WWI consisted largely of tactical bombing and observation. During WWI, Marine aircraft bombed targets such as railroads and supply depots, inflicting damage on the German supply chain. The USMC was also the first fighting force to perform a supply drop using aircraft, an important milestone.[3]
The impression that I was left with from visiting the NMUSMC was that the United States Marines fought hard in a variety of difficult tasks, and made great sacrifices for the war effort. While I was there, I was told the story of the medals in a case by a docent, Ken Shaw, who had previously served in the Marine infantry for 22 years. The medals belonged to Private John Kelly, a Marine in WWI. His unit, while conducting an assault, came under fire from a German machine gun. American artillery was conducting a rolling barrage, but Private Kelly decided to run through the barrage to disable the machine gun. He accomplished this goal by destroying the machine gun post; and also freed captured American soldiers, who he was able to lead through the rolling barrage back to American lines. This is the type of bravery that the museum emphasizes. The museum also portrayed the Marines as using traditional American tactics, which according to Mr. Shaw, were superior to the tactics employed by the European armies. This is consistent with the idea of the Americans using their own style and disrupting the Germans, except the Museum’s point of view takes this idea to another level. The NMUSMC does an excellent job at portraying the bravery and sacrifice of the Marine Corps.
National Museum of the United States Air Force (NMUSAF)
The NMUSAF, operating in its current location since 1971 and dedicated by President Richard Nixon[4], is on the grounds of Wright Patterson Air Force Base in Dayton Ohio, but visitors are allowed to enter the museum without base access as the museum itself is considered separate from the base. As you approach the museum, you see a large circular structure with the words “NATIONAL MUSEUM UNITED STATES AIR FORCE” in front of four large hangars (Figure 1). As you approach the building, the architecture gives the perception of technological progress. The exhibits for the World Wars are in the first hangar. WWI is covered in the section called The Early Years. When you enter the first gallery, you see a recreation of a Wright 1909 Military Flyer preparing for takeoff (Figure 8).
Figure 8. Wright 1909 Military Flyer, NMUSAF
Next, you see a Bleriot XI over a SPAD S.VII, near a Standard J-1, Avro 504K (Figure 9), and Curtiss JN-4 “Jenny”. These aircraft act as a timeline, contrasting the 1909 Military Flyer with themselves, allowing the amount of progress that occurred in that period of less than ten years to be easily seen. Signs along the walls also outline the birth and growth of the Army Air Service, as it grew in strength and number.
Figure 9. SPAD S.VII and Avro 504K, NMUSAF[5]
As you continue walking, you see the famous Fokker Dr. I and Sopwith Camel types, before coming across a Fokker D.VII, SPAD S.XIII C-1, Halberstadt CL.IV DeHavilland DH.4 light bomber, and Caproni Ca.36 heavy bomber. The SPAD S.VII and S.XIII are both potential WWI combat veteran aircraft, along with the Halberstadt CL.IV[6]. After this area, you enter the area covering the time between the World Wars, and eventually you the entrance to the WW2 gallery.
The NMUSAF guides visitors through the rapid development of aircraft, and demonstrates how advanced the technology that went into these aircraft was, but it mentions little on the human side of the early Air Service, such as the bravery and sacrifice of the pilots. There is still mention of the dangers and the bravery of pilots, but it is not as present as it was in the NMUSMC The emphasis is placed on the ability and rapid development of the aircraft, walking visitors through the development from the 45-mph Bleriot Monoplane, to the 135-mph SPAD S.XIII, emphasizing the advancements that occurred between when both types were cutting-edge technology.[7] Retired Colonel Bob Pinizzotto, a docent at the NMUSAF, stated that “visitors should take away the technology in building, the Wright Flyer and Glenn Curtiss Signal Corps No. 2.” along with the developments between the SPAD S.VII and the SPAD S.XIII, or the Nieuport 28’s rotary engine. What I learned from talking with Colonel Pinizzotto aligned with what I felt the exhibits were trying to show, which was to demonstrate the rapid technological advancements in aviation during that time period. The museum did an excellent job giving visitors the intended impression based on my experience.
National Museum of the United States Navy (NMUSN)
The NMUSN, in operation since 1963[8], is located in the Navy Yard in Washington D.C. The museum is on base, so you need to either enter through the Visitor Control Center, which is closed on weekends; or have someone possessing a military ID with you. I was accompanied by Ret. Lt. Colonel Ozzie Enriquez, who served as a paratrooper during the Gulf War. When you drive up to the museum, you see a display of large caliber, 19th century naval guns in front of the museum. When you walk into the museum, you see two other large naval guns, in front of a recreation of fighting platform on a ship. The museum building was originally a naval gun factory approximately a century ago, it is a long rectangle with the exhibits arranged chronologically.
The entrance puts you in the Navy of the 18th century, and the deeper into the building you go, the closer you get to the current time. When you reach the WWI section you see multiple deck guns, mostly anti-aircraft weapons. For the ones which have gunner’s seats, there are signs permitting visitors to sit in the gunner’s seat and traverse the gun. In the WWI section, they give a standard overview of the war, with specific emphasis on the naval aspect. The exhibit consists of weapons such as mines or Y-guns, along with movies and signs. Naval mines were widely used during the war as an effective means of destroying approaching enemy ships or for keeping enemy ships from entering an area safely (Figure 10).
The NMUSAF guides visitors through the rapid development of aircraft, and demonstrates how advanced the technology that went into these aircraft was, but it mentions little on the human side of the early Air Service, such as the bravery and sacrifice of the pilots. There is still mention of the dangers and the bravery of pilots, but it is not as present as it was in the NMUSMC The emphasis is placed on the ability and rapid development of the aircraft, walking visitors through the development from the 45-mph Bleriot Monoplane, to the 135-mph SPAD S.XIII, emphasizing the advancements that occurred between when both types were cutting-edge technology.[7] Retired Colonel Bob Pinizzotto, a docent at the NMUSAF, stated that “visitors should take away the technology in building, the Wright Flyer and Glenn Curtiss Signal Corps No. 2.” along with the developments between the SPAD S.VII and the SPAD S.XIII, or the Nieuport 28’s rotary engine. What I learned from talking with Colonel Pinizzotto aligned with what I felt the exhibits were trying to show, which was to demonstrate the rapid technological advancements in aviation during that time period. The museum did an excellent job giving visitors the intended impression based on my experience.
National Museum of the United States Navy (NMUSN)
The NMUSN, in operation since 1963[8], is located in the Navy Yard in Washington D.C. The museum is on base, so you need to either enter through the Visitor Control Center, which is closed on weekends; or have someone possessing a military ID with you. I was accompanied by Ret. Lt. Colonel Ozzie Enriquez, who served as a paratrooper during the Gulf War. When you drive up to the museum, you see a display of large caliber, 19th century naval guns in front of the museum. When you walk into the museum, you see two other large naval guns, in front of a recreation of fighting platform on a ship. The museum building was originally a naval gun factory approximately a century ago, it is a long rectangle with the exhibits arranged chronologically.
The entrance puts you in the Navy of the 18th century, and the deeper into the building you go, the closer you get to the current time. When you reach the WWI section you see multiple deck guns, mostly anti-aircraft weapons. For the ones which have gunner’s seats, there are signs permitting visitors to sit in the gunner’s seat and traverse the gun. In the WWI section, they give a standard overview of the war, with specific emphasis on the naval aspect. The exhibit consists of weapons such as mines or Y-guns, along with movies and signs. Naval mines were widely used during the war as an effective means of destroying approaching enemy ships or for keeping enemy ships from entering an area safely (Figure 10).
Approximately a third of the WWI section’s floor-space is dedicated a special exhibit on dazzle painting, which informs visitors on the use of different types of dazzle painting, such as pure razzle dazzle (Figure 11), where the ship tried to interfere with observers with its bright colors and shapes; or low visibility, where ships try to blend with the horizon to avoid being seen for a longer amount of time, but in the end proved only slightly effective.
There was some information on naval aviation in WWI, showing the use of flying boats, like the Curtiss H-16 Large America on patrols and as bombers, along with early naval fighters such as Sopwith Camels. I talked with a docent at the front desk of the museum, and she told me that the museum is currently renovating the WWI exhibit for the centennial, specifically to include more of an emphasis on the day-to-day sailor, as opposed to traditionally known figures such as admirals. Overall, the museum was a fascinating place to visit, with plenty of historical information that leads visitors through the rich history of the Navy.
National Museum of the United States Army (NMUSA)
The NMUSA is located on land that until recently belonged to the Fort Belvoir golf course, but now considered off base and dedicated to the museum. The museum is currently under construction, and is planned to open to the general public in late 2019 or 2020. I interviewed the Programs and Education specialist for the NMUSA, Dr. Patrick R. Jennings, who had previously served first the Marine Corps, then later the Army Reserve, before he came to the museum. Dr. Jennings told me of the plans for the museum exhibits and layout when I met with him, as the contents of the museum were decided but the museum is still an active construction site.
The NMUSA will be a 185,000 square foot building (Figure 12), containing many interesting artifacts with attachments to individual soldiers. This museum will give the Army its own central museum, as opposed to the many smaller museums at different army bases.[9] What makes this museum special is that it will try to portray the Army from the perspective of the individual soldier, and their story. The museum will use life-size figures dressed in military uniform, along with artifacts with special meaning to individual soldiers, like a pocket bible belonging to Private Melvin Nesteby. Private Nesteby was a 21-year old Minnesota boy from a farm, and had his bible with him when he was captured by the Japanese in the Philippines in 1942. Also part of the collection is Japanese American Sgt. Jimmy M. Mizote’s Senninbari belt, made in an internment camp by his mother for when he joined United States Army in 1942 to fight in WW2.[10] There is also a gas-mask for a horse. The museum will have some items like General Douglas MacArthur’s dress cap,[11] but the focus of the museum is on items that belonged to the average soldier.
There was some information on naval aviation in WWI, showing the use of flying boats, like the Curtiss H-16 Large America on patrols and as bombers, along with early naval fighters such as Sopwith Camels. I talked with a docent at the front desk of the museum, and she told me that the museum is currently renovating the WWI exhibit for the centennial, specifically to include more of an emphasis on the day-to-day sailor, as opposed to traditionally known figures such as admirals. Overall, the museum was a fascinating place to visit, with plenty of historical information that leads visitors through the rich history of the Navy.
National Museum of the United States Army (NMUSA)
The NMUSA is located on land that until recently belonged to the Fort Belvoir golf course, but now considered off base and dedicated to the museum. The museum is currently under construction, and is planned to open to the general public in late 2019 or 2020. I interviewed the Programs and Education specialist for the NMUSA, Dr. Patrick R. Jennings, who had previously served first the Marine Corps, then later the Army Reserve, before he came to the museum. Dr. Jennings told me of the plans for the museum exhibits and layout when I met with him, as the contents of the museum were decided but the museum is still an active construction site.
The NMUSA will be a 185,000 square foot building (Figure 12), containing many interesting artifacts with attachments to individual soldiers. This museum will give the Army its own central museum, as opposed to the many smaller museums at different army bases.[9] What makes this museum special is that it will try to portray the Army from the perspective of the individual soldier, and their story. The museum will use life-size figures dressed in military uniform, along with artifacts with special meaning to individual soldiers, like a pocket bible belonging to Private Melvin Nesteby. Private Nesteby was a 21-year old Minnesota boy from a farm, and had his bible with him when he was captured by the Japanese in the Philippines in 1942. Also part of the collection is Japanese American Sgt. Jimmy M. Mizote’s Senninbari belt, made in an internment camp by his mother for when he joined United States Army in 1942 to fight in WW2.[10] There is also a gas-mask for a horse. The museum will have some items like General Douglas MacArthur’s dress cap,[11] but the focus of the museum is on items that belonged to the average soldier.
Figure 12. NMUSA viewed from future parking lot, NMUSA
The section of the museum on WWI is called A Nation Overseas. This section focuses heavily on WWI, but it is really about America entering the global stage and exerting its influence on the world. The focus on WWI is because it was the first time that America exerted its influence in Europe as a power, along with being a large step in America’s journey to becoming a superpower. A Nation Overseas will be divided into four parts, Entering the World Stage, The Great War, WWI Immersion, and WWI Battlefield Experience. For the WWI portion of A Nation Overseas, you start in a full scale model of a trench line, with signs and exhibit cases embedded in the walls. You then move on to recreation of an assault through no-man’s land, with full-scale models of men, along with nearly all of the full-scale items being artifacts from the time period, including a Renault FT light tank and a German field howitzer. Visitors will walk through this recreation by a walkway about four feet off the ground, giving the feeling of being present, while still allowing you to view the exhibit in its entirety. This design helps to enforce the idea of showing the point of view of the soldiers. The NMUSA has the promise of being an excellent museum, that will provide visitors with a way to see the history of the Army from a new and valuable perspective. The NMUSA will also be more convenient than decentralized museums at army bases, as those museums require base access to visit.
Conclusion
All four of the National Museums have a different take on WWI, with the Army and Marine Corps museums having a point of view of the soldiers fighting in Europe, bringing American fighting styles against the Germans, and having America assert its place as a global power. Contrasting this, the Air Force and Navy museums were more similar in the respect that they were displaying technological marvels and were centered around the history of the service and its weapons systems, rather than the stories of individuals. The Navy Museum, the oldest of the four, is currently updating its gallery, so I look forward to how it focuses more on the individual sailors rather than solely focusing on more traditional historical figures[12]. All of the museums have a small section dedicated to the recruiting posters of WWI. All of the museums provided different views of WWI, and I believe that through all of the different points of view, a balanced view of WWI can be obtained.
Appendix 1: Websites of the Museums of United States’ Armed Services
National Museum of the United States Marine Corps
The website for the Marine Corps museum was very well done, the virtual tour was intuitive in its controls and there were no bugs. The audio narrations were excellent and I believe the virtual tour provides excellent coverage of the museum and its exhibits.
National Museum of the United States Air Force
The website of the NMUSAF provides a complete view of the museum in its virtual tour, with links to videos or the information page on aircraft where appropriate, to supplement the exhibits shown. I felt that the NMUSAF had the best done website, with the virtual tour being easy to find and use, while providing an excellent view of the exhibits. (Figure 8)
National Museum of the United States Army
The website for the NMUSA was more about the plans for the museum, and less about the specific artifacts, and was easy enough to navigate.. The website had a limited amount of information on the specific exhibits, but this is reasonable as the museum is a long way away from being constructed. The website’s video was informative and very nicely done. It had a good overview of the museum plans, especially the layout of the different areas.
National Museum of the United States Navy
The website of the NMUSN leaves a lot to be desired. It had an awkward format and did not contain much information about what the museum is like, it has no virtual tour, and the information on the exhibits is displayed by hyperlinking the artifact name on a list for the section the artifact is in. The separate pages for each section containing their respective list of artifacts made it difficult to find artifacts on the website.
Appendix 2: Statistics
National Museum of the United States Marine Corps
Sources
Footnotes
[1] Image of the entrance to the National Museum of the United States Navy, copyright Google, June 2014.
[2] Interview, Ken Shaw, Retired USMC. 5 May 2018.
[3] Interview, Ken Shaw, Retired USMC. 5 May 2018.
[4] “History of the Air Force Museum Foundation” Air Force Museum Foundation. https://www.afmuseum.com/about-us/history.
[5] Image copyright National Museum of the United States Air Force.
[6] Phone Interview, Bob Pinizzotto, Retired Colonel, USAF. 21 May 2018.
[7] “National Museum of the U.S. Air Force - Virtual Tour” NMUSAF, http://www.nmusafvirtualtour.com/full/tour-std.html.
[8] “History” Naval Historical Foundation, http://www.navyhistory.org/navy-museum/national-museum-of-the-united-states-navy/.
[9] Interview, Ozzie Enriquez, Retired Lt. Colonel, 82nd Airborne Division. 12 May 2018.
[10] “From Pearl Harbor to “Black Hawk Down,” Army’s history awaits its museum” The Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/from-pearl-harbor-to-black-hawk-down-armys-history-awaits-its-museum/2018/02/06/ec9c36ea-06ce-11e8-b48c-b07fea957bd5_story.html?utm_term=.c5094cfd4ef5. 6 February, 2018.
[11] Ibid.
[12] Interview, Museum Docent, National Museum of the United States Navy.
Conclusion
All four of the National Museums have a different take on WWI, with the Army and Marine Corps museums having a point of view of the soldiers fighting in Europe, bringing American fighting styles against the Germans, and having America assert its place as a global power. Contrasting this, the Air Force and Navy museums were more similar in the respect that they were displaying technological marvels and were centered around the history of the service and its weapons systems, rather than the stories of individuals. The Navy Museum, the oldest of the four, is currently updating its gallery, so I look forward to how it focuses more on the individual sailors rather than solely focusing on more traditional historical figures[12]. All of the museums have a small section dedicated to the recruiting posters of WWI. All of the museums provided different views of WWI, and I believe that through all of the different points of view, a balanced view of WWI can be obtained.
Appendix 1: Websites of the Museums of United States’ Armed Services
National Museum of the United States Marine Corps
The website for the Marine Corps museum was very well done, the virtual tour was intuitive in its controls and there were no bugs. The audio narrations were excellent and I believe the virtual tour provides excellent coverage of the museum and its exhibits.
National Museum of the United States Air Force
The website of the NMUSAF provides a complete view of the museum in its virtual tour, with links to videos or the information page on aircraft where appropriate, to supplement the exhibits shown. I felt that the NMUSAF had the best done website, with the virtual tour being easy to find and use, while providing an excellent view of the exhibits. (Figure 8)
National Museum of the United States Army
The website for the NMUSA was more about the plans for the museum, and less about the specific artifacts, and was easy enough to navigate.. The website had a limited amount of information on the specific exhibits, but this is reasonable as the museum is a long way away from being constructed. The website’s video was informative and very nicely done. It had a good overview of the museum plans, especially the layout of the different areas.
National Museum of the United States Navy
The website of the NMUSN leaves a lot to be desired. It had an awkward format and did not contain much information about what the museum is like, it has no virtual tour, and the information on the exhibits is displayed by hyperlinking the artifact name on a list for the section the artifact is in. The separate pages for each section containing their respective list of artifacts made it difficult to find artifacts on the website.
Appendix 2: Statistics
National Museum of the United States Marine Corps
- Address: 18900 Jefferson Davis Hwy, Triangle, Virginia
- Opened in its current location: 2006
- Size: 115,000 sq. ft.
- Annual visitors: ~500,000 people
- Address: 1100 Spaatz St, Dayton, Ohio
- Opened in its current location: 1971
- Size: 1,000,000 sq. ft.
- Annual visitors: ~830,000 people
- Address: Fort Belvoir, Virginia
- Planned opening: 2019 - 2020
- Planned size: 185,000 sq. ft.
- Estimated annual visitors: ~500,000 - ~700,000 people
- Address: Building 76, Washington Navy Yard, Washington, D.C.
- Opened in its current location: 1963
- Size: ~40,000 sq. ft.
- Annual visitors: ~90,000 people
Sources
- “From Pearl Harbor to ‘Black Hawk Down,’ Army’s history awaits its museum” The Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/from-pearl-harbor-to-black-hawk-down-armys-history-awaits-its-museum/2018/02/06/ec9c36ea-06ce-11e8-b48c-b07fea957bd5_story.html?utm_term=.c5094cfd4ef5. 6 February 2018.
- “History” Naval Historical Foundation, http://www.navyhistory.org/navy-museum/national-museum-of-the-united-states-navy/.
- “History of the Air Force Museum Foundation” Air Force Museum Foundation. https://www.afmuseum.com/about-us/history.
- Interview, Dr. Patrick R. Jennings, NMUSA. 17 May 2018.
- Interview, Ken Shaw, Retired USMC. 5 May 2018.
- Interview, Museum Docent, National Museum of the United States Navy.
- Interview, Ozzie Enriquez, Retired Lt. Colonel, 82nd Airborne Division. 12 May 2018.
- “Museums Look Into the Future of Military History” The Washington Post, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/05/24/AR2008052401655.html?tid=a_mcntx. 24 May 2008.
- “Museum Design - The Campaign for the National Museum of the United States Army” Army Historical Foundation, https://armyhistory.org/museum-design/.
- “National Museum of the U.S. Air Force - Virtual Tour” NMUSAF, http://www.nmusafvirtualtour.com/full/tour-std.html.
- “National Museum of the U.S. Marine Corps Virtual Tour” NMUSMC, http://www.virtualusmcmuseum.com/LG_1.asp?strLR=a.
- Phone Interview, Bob Pinizzotto, Retired Colonel, USAF. 21 May 2018.
- Smith, Lee. “A Salute to Duty and Sacrifice” The Washington Post, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/11/10/AR2006111000859.html. 11 November 2006.
Footnotes
[1] Image of the entrance to the National Museum of the United States Navy, copyright Google, June 2014.
[2] Interview, Ken Shaw, Retired USMC. 5 May 2018.
[3] Interview, Ken Shaw, Retired USMC. 5 May 2018.
[4] “History of the Air Force Museum Foundation” Air Force Museum Foundation. https://www.afmuseum.com/about-us/history.
[5] Image copyright National Museum of the United States Air Force.
[6] Phone Interview, Bob Pinizzotto, Retired Colonel, USAF. 21 May 2018.
[7] “National Museum of the U.S. Air Force - Virtual Tour” NMUSAF, http://www.nmusafvirtualtour.com/full/tour-std.html.
[8] “History” Naval Historical Foundation, http://www.navyhistory.org/navy-museum/national-museum-of-the-united-states-navy/.
[9] Interview, Ozzie Enriquez, Retired Lt. Colonel, 82nd Airborne Division. 12 May 2018.
[10] “From Pearl Harbor to “Black Hawk Down,” Army’s history awaits its museum” The Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/from-pearl-harbor-to-black-hawk-down-armys-history-awaits-its-museum/2018/02/06/ec9c36ea-06ce-11e8-b48c-b07fea957bd5_story.html?utm_term=.c5094cfd4ef5. 6 February, 2018.
[11] Ibid.
[12] Interview, Museum Docent, National Museum of the United States Navy.
All photographs taken by the author.