Analyzing the First Issue of The Wipers Times: Stress-Diffusing Satire of the Front Lines
by
Sasha
The Wipers Times was a satirical trench magazine created by Captain[1] F.J. ‘Fred’ Roberts, the editor of the publication and captain of the 12th Sherwood Foresters and Lieutenant[2] J.H. ‘Jack’ Pearson, the sub editor. The publication of the magazine began after the 12th Sherwood Foresters battalion uncovered a damaged, yet still operational, printing press in the rubble of the British held sector of Ypres, fixing it with the help of a sergeant who before the war was a practicing printer. The amount of prints of each edition were limited due to the expense of purchasing paper, wartime restrictions, as well as the working conditions which included German artillery bombardment in various intensity and being confined to the poorly constructed British trenches.[3] [4]As well as facing physical restrictions, the editors of the magazine also dealt with censorship in Europe: “There is much that we would like to say, but the shadow of censorship enveloping us causes us to refer to war, which we hear is taking place in Enrope, in a cautious manner.”[5]
The first issue of The Wipers Times had a structure that did not adhere to ones of popular English satire and humour magazines like Punch, or the London Charivari. As most magazines printed around the time, The Wipers Times begins and ends with advertisements and has similar content including editorials, correspondence from the readers, excerpts from literature, though lacking satirical and political cartoons that were popularized around this time. For the rest of the first issue of the magazine the formatting and structure deviate from its contemporaries and it follows the following template:
Subsequent editions of The Wipers Times did not follow the same format as the first issue.
The content and humour of The Wipers Times employed a variety of both Horatian and Mennipian forms of satire. Horatian satire, named after the Roman poet Quintus Horatius Flaccus (more commonly known as Horus), was focused around light-hearted mockery and wit, employed to make fun of societal norms, taboos, and folly rather than to place blame on institutions, governments or individuals. Mennippean satire, originating from the Mennipus, a Greek philosopher alive during the third century BCE, focused more on the personality or behaviour of an individual or that is shared by a group of individuals, ridiculing a particular trait or flaw through the portrayal of the person and trait in the medium it is presented in.[6]
Horatian satire is employed in the second excerpt of Borrowed Plooms. ( “Soldier Notes/Excerpts” from the template): “The following gem comes from the issue of 28th ult.𑁋. . . “They climbed into the trench and surprised the sentry, but unfortunately the revolver which was held which was held to his head missed fire. Attempts were made to throttle him quietly, but he succeeded in raising the alarm, and had to be killed”. . .This we consider real bad luck for the sentry after the previous heroic efforts to keep him alive. ” [7]
In this passage, the foolishness of the soldiers as well as misinterpretation of events is being mocked altogether. The inability of the soldiers to properly take a trench and take out the sentry after numerous attempts to kill him ridicules the poor military training received by soldiers, especially by the new recruits being sent to the front. On the other hand, the editors of The Wipers Times are also ridiculing coverage of such events, because when taking a trench the goal is not to keep the men in the front line trench alive, rather to kill them to be able to keep the front line trench.
One particular example of Mennippean satire is in an entry of the Agony Column (Column/Reader Announcements in the template): “Will anyone lend Car to gentlemen impoverished by the war. Rolls Royce preferred𑁋Address Mishap, P.O., Box 21, Hooge.”[8]
The editors of The Wipers Times were ridiculing the selfish and inconsiderate people caught in the midst of the war whether a soldier or civilian. The author of the announcement displaying a sense of selfishness asking for a car to loan, especially requesting for a luxury car like a Rolls Royce, as the war has “made him poor” considering many people had been financially devastated by the war that had been already going on for two years.
Rather than focusing on the negative aspects of the war and the mentally and physically trying conditions experienced by the soldiers in the trenches, Roberts and Pearson poked fun at their own situation in the trenches: “We hope to publish the “Times” weekly, but should our effort come to an untimely end by any adverse criticism or attentions by our local rival, Messrs. Hun and Co., we shall consider it an unfriendly act, and take steps accordingly.”[9]. They also mocked the ignorance of civilians, reporters and politicians at home: “ To the editor,
Wipers Times”
Sir,
As the father of a large family, and having two sons serving in the Tooting Bec Citizens’ Brigade, may I draw your attention to the danger from Zeppelins. Cannot our authorities deal with this menace in a more workmanlike way. My boys, who are well versed in military affairs, suggest a high barbed wire entanglement being erected round the british Isles. Surely something can be done:𑁋
PATER FAMILIAS.”
They also took popular social icons like Sherlock Holmes and created their own spoof on the serial, calling it Herlock Shomes at it again[10], made their own mock advertisements and theatre programmes that, even though looked as if they belonged in a civilian magazine or newspaper, were in reality making fun of the conditions on the front lines. An example of this is the advertisement for a sale of second-hand furniture on the 30th of February. [11](see fig. 1).
[Image pending permission for use]
Figure 1: Sale Advertisement in The Wipers Times (1st issue)
This advertisement, announcing a sale of slightly damaged furniture on the 30th of February on Menin Street, has elements of situational comedy and parody. As The Wipers Times was meant to mirror the format and content that would be seen in a civilian magazine, the advertisement does so as well. The little details are what really bring out the humour of the advertisement𑁋 for example; the date of the sale, which is on a date that does not exist; the telephone listed at the bottom right hand corner, as well as the description of the sale when viewed in the context of the war.
In the duration of the First World War there were approximately one hundred British publications and over four hundred French trench publications produced on the front lines and in the trenches that were known of[12], for example, Le Dernier Bateau (The Last Boat), a French trench publication edited by J. J. Roussau and P. Frédus of the French engineering corps[13], or The Listening Post by the 7th Canadian Infantry Battalion published between 1916 and 1918[14]. Although the other trench magazines, The Wipers Times became the most well known and remembered, re-published multiple times after the war ended. As well as being republished, The Wipers Times was also adapted into a movie by BBC and a play by Ian Hislop and Nick Newman.[15]
One of the reasons for this long lasting success was how it was perceived by the audience it was first intended for 𑁋the soldiers. The author of the introduction for the most recent publication of The Wipers Times, Christopher Westhorp, wrote: “Contrary, perhaps, to what many might have supposed, these doughty readers sustained their spirit not in stirring stories of valour by fellow warriors but in tension-diffusing humor in all its form.”[16] The Wipers Times served as a comedic outlet for soldiers in strenuous and stress inducing conditions, as well as providing a medium that soldiers from different social class and upbringing amalgamated only with experience of war could all understand, discuss and bond over.[17] The effectiveness in sustaining morale in the troops was even noted by high ranking generals: “Officialdom was at first concerned, but General Sir Herbert Plumer, perhaps the most widely admired senior officer in France, said that The Wipers Times was invaluable to sustaining morale.”[18]
Appendix A: Evolution of The Wipers Times
As the battalion moved from one battlefield to the next, the name of the magazine changed based on their location. In April 1916, just after four publications, The Wipers Times was incorporated with The “New Church” Times due to the fact that the publications were made near Neuve Chapelle translating to New Church. The trench magazine was also known under the name of Kemmel Times, Somme Times, B.E.F Times (British Expeditionary Forces), and for the last two publications issued in November and December of 1918, The Better Times.[19]
Appendix B: Biography of Frederick John Roberts
Lieutenant Colonel F.J. Roberts was born in 1882 to a middle class family in London, England, enrolling Grocer’s Company School also known as Hackney downs in his early adolescence. After graduating from school, Roberts chose to seek a prosperous future as a diamond prospector industry in South Africa instead of following his namesake into the army. When war broke out in 1914, he returned back to England to enlist in the military, commissioned a year later as a second-lieutenant in the 12th Sherwood Foresters battalion, a battalion of men trained as infantry with basic engineering and mining skills. By July, Roberts was promoted to captain of the battalion, the same summer the Sherwood Foresters participated in the battle of Loos, the largest British offensive of that year. In 1916, in Ypres the soldiers had come across and salvaged a printing press which was still functional. With the help of a sergeant who had been a practicing printer they were able to start printing The Wipers Times (the name coming from the inability of soldiers to pronounce Ypre), Roberts being the main editor. After the war had ended in 1918, he retired with the rank of lieutenant colonel and a Military Cross for “Gallantry and Devotion”. Roberts decided to pursue a career as a journalist, but he was repeatedly turned down despite the great success of The Wipers Times. Eventually he chose to return to his previous career as a mining engineer in Canada. Frederick Roberts died in Canada on September 24th. [20]
Appendix C: Biography of John Hesketh Pearson
Major J.H. Pearson, the sub-editor of The Wipers Times, was born in Ombersley, Worcestershire in 1888, attending Bedford school for his primary education. Instead of studying for a career in Church as previous family members had, John Hesketh Pearson became a qualified civil engineer, pursuing an apprenticeship for the London & Northern Line Railway Service in 1904.[21] When war was declared, Pearson applied for a commission and was accepted as an officer, eventually commissioned into the 12th Sherwood Foresters battalion alongside F.J Roberts where his engineering skills would come in useful. When Roberts proposed the idea of creating their own trench publication, Pearson approved the idea wholeheartedly and together they writing and editing The Wipers Times. After the war had ended, he retired from the military as a Major, second in command of the 12th Sherwood Foresters after F.J. Roberts, with a Military Cross for “Gallantry and Devotion for Duty” as well as being awarded a Distinguished Service Order.[22] John Pearson moved to Argentina where he managed a hotel and served as an Honorary Consul of Great Britain until his death in 1966.[23]
Sources
Footnotes
[1] Later Lieutenant Colonel
[2] Later Major
[3] F.J. Roberts, The Wipers Times (London, England: Bloomsbury, 2015), introduction
[4] “The Wipers Times: The soldiers' paper”, National Army Museum, https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/wipers-times (accessed March 22, 2018).
[5] Roberts, The Wipers Times, 3
[6] “Understanding Different Types of Satire”, Thanet Writers, https://thanetwriters.com/essay/technicalities/understanding-different-types-of-satire/ (accessed March 24, 2018)
[7] Roberts, The Wipers Times, 8
[8] Ibid., 6
[9] Ibid., 3
[10] Ibid., 9
[11] Ibid., 11
[12] Online Historical Newspapers : Trench Newspapers/Journals - 1st World War, Norco College, https://norcocollege.libguides.com/c.php?g=33030&p=209267 (accessed March 30, 2018)
[13] “Print Collection 12: The Trench Newspapers”, Pennsylvania State University Library, http://www.library.upenn.edu/collections/rbm/print/printcoll12trenchpaper.html (accessed March 26, 2018)
[14] “First World War Trench Journals”, Canadiana, http://www.canadiana.ca/ECO/trench-journals (accessed March 26, 2018)
[15]“ The Wipers Times”, The Wipers Play, http://www.wiperstimesplay.co.uk (accessed March 26, 2018)
[16] Roberts, The Wipers Times, Introduction
[17] Ibid., Introduction
[18] “Lieutenant Colonel Frederick Roberts”, The Times, September 20, 2013, https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/lieutenant-colonel-frederick-roberts-vwv5rmdz7m9 (accessed March 24, 2018)
[19] Ibid., introduction
[20] “Lieutenant Colonel Frederick Roberts”, The Times, September 20, 2013, https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/lieutenant-colonel-frederick-roberts-vwv5rmdz7m9 (accessed March 24, 2018)
[21]“ A/ Lieutenant Colonel John Hesketh Pearson M.C., D.S.O.”, The Imperial War Museum, https://livesofthefirstworldwar.org/lifestory/3453787#timeline (accessed March 24, 2018)
[22] “Major John ‘Jack’ Pearson”, The Times, September 20, 2013, https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/major-john-jack-pearson-mxv205q3qph (accessed March 24, 2018)
[23] “A/ Lieutenant Colonel John Hesketh Pearson M.C., D.S.O.”, The Imperial War Museum, https://livesofthefirstworldwar.org/lifestory/3453787#timeline (accessed March 24, 2018)
The first issue of The Wipers Times had a structure that did not adhere to ones of popular English satire and humour magazines like Punch, or the London Charivari. As most magazines printed around the time, The Wipers Times begins and ends with advertisements and has similar content including editorials, correspondence from the readers, excerpts from literature, though lacking satirical and political cartoons that were popularized around this time. For the rest of the first issue of the magazine the formatting and structure deviate from its contemporaries and it follows the following template:
- Commercial Advertisement
- Theatre/Cinema Programme
- Editorial
- Poem
- Regular Contributor
- Honorary mentions and Special Acknowledgements
- Questions
- Column/Reader Announcements
- Gossip and Rumors
- Poem 2
- Correspondence to Editor
- Responses to correspondence
- Announcement
- Soldier Notes/Excerpts
- Sporting notes
- Business notes
- Poem 3
- Serial
- Job Advertisement
- Sale and Shopping Advertisements
Subsequent editions of The Wipers Times did not follow the same format as the first issue.
The content and humour of The Wipers Times employed a variety of both Horatian and Mennipian forms of satire. Horatian satire, named after the Roman poet Quintus Horatius Flaccus (more commonly known as Horus), was focused around light-hearted mockery and wit, employed to make fun of societal norms, taboos, and folly rather than to place blame on institutions, governments or individuals. Mennippean satire, originating from the Mennipus, a Greek philosopher alive during the third century BCE, focused more on the personality or behaviour of an individual or that is shared by a group of individuals, ridiculing a particular trait or flaw through the portrayal of the person and trait in the medium it is presented in.[6]
Horatian satire is employed in the second excerpt of Borrowed Plooms. ( “Soldier Notes/Excerpts” from the template): “The following gem comes from the issue of 28th ult.𑁋. . . “They climbed into the trench and surprised the sentry, but unfortunately the revolver which was held which was held to his head missed fire. Attempts were made to throttle him quietly, but he succeeded in raising the alarm, and had to be killed”. . .This we consider real bad luck for the sentry after the previous heroic efforts to keep him alive. ” [7]
In this passage, the foolishness of the soldiers as well as misinterpretation of events is being mocked altogether. The inability of the soldiers to properly take a trench and take out the sentry after numerous attempts to kill him ridicules the poor military training received by soldiers, especially by the new recruits being sent to the front. On the other hand, the editors of The Wipers Times are also ridiculing coverage of such events, because when taking a trench the goal is not to keep the men in the front line trench alive, rather to kill them to be able to keep the front line trench.
One particular example of Mennippean satire is in an entry of the Agony Column (Column/Reader Announcements in the template): “Will anyone lend Car to gentlemen impoverished by the war. Rolls Royce preferred𑁋Address Mishap, P.O., Box 21, Hooge.”[8]
The editors of The Wipers Times were ridiculing the selfish and inconsiderate people caught in the midst of the war whether a soldier or civilian. The author of the announcement displaying a sense of selfishness asking for a car to loan, especially requesting for a luxury car like a Rolls Royce, as the war has “made him poor” considering many people had been financially devastated by the war that had been already going on for two years.
Rather than focusing on the negative aspects of the war and the mentally and physically trying conditions experienced by the soldiers in the trenches, Roberts and Pearson poked fun at their own situation in the trenches: “We hope to publish the “Times” weekly, but should our effort come to an untimely end by any adverse criticism or attentions by our local rival, Messrs. Hun and Co., we shall consider it an unfriendly act, and take steps accordingly.”[9]. They also mocked the ignorance of civilians, reporters and politicians at home: “ To the editor,
Wipers Times”
Sir,
As the father of a large family, and having two sons serving in the Tooting Bec Citizens’ Brigade, may I draw your attention to the danger from Zeppelins. Cannot our authorities deal with this menace in a more workmanlike way. My boys, who are well versed in military affairs, suggest a high barbed wire entanglement being erected round the british Isles. Surely something can be done:𑁋
PATER FAMILIAS.”
They also took popular social icons like Sherlock Holmes and created their own spoof on the serial, calling it Herlock Shomes at it again[10], made their own mock advertisements and theatre programmes that, even though looked as if they belonged in a civilian magazine or newspaper, were in reality making fun of the conditions on the front lines. An example of this is the advertisement for a sale of second-hand furniture on the 30th of February. [11](see fig. 1).
[Image pending permission for use]
Figure 1: Sale Advertisement in The Wipers Times (1st issue)
This advertisement, announcing a sale of slightly damaged furniture on the 30th of February on Menin Street, has elements of situational comedy and parody. As The Wipers Times was meant to mirror the format and content that would be seen in a civilian magazine, the advertisement does so as well. The little details are what really bring out the humour of the advertisement𑁋 for example; the date of the sale, which is on a date that does not exist; the telephone listed at the bottom right hand corner, as well as the description of the sale when viewed in the context of the war.
In the duration of the First World War there were approximately one hundred British publications and over four hundred French trench publications produced on the front lines and in the trenches that were known of[12], for example, Le Dernier Bateau (The Last Boat), a French trench publication edited by J. J. Roussau and P. Frédus of the French engineering corps[13], or The Listening Post by the 7th Canadian Infantry Battalion published between 1916 and 1918[14]. Although the other trench magazines, The Wipers Times became the most well known and remembered, re-published multiple times after the war ended. As well as being republished, The Wipers Times was also adapted into a movie by BBC and a play by Ian Hislop and Nick Newman.[15]
One of the reasons for this long lasting success was how it was perceived by the audience it was first intended for 𑁋the soldiers. The author of the introduction for the most recent publication of The Wipers Times, Christopher Westhorp, wrote: “Contrary, perhaps, to what many might have supposed, these doughty readers sustained their spirit not in stirring stories of valour by fellow warriors but in tension-diffusing humor in all its form.”[16] The Wipers Times served as a comedic outlet for soldiers in strenuous and stress inducing conditions, as well as providing a medium that soldiers from different social class and upbringing amalgamated only with experience of war could all understand, discuss and bond over.[17] The effectiveness in sustaining morale in the troops was even noted by high ranking generals: “Officialdom was at first concerned, but General Sir Herbert Plumer, perhaps the most widely admired senior officer in France, said that The Wipers Times was invaluable to sustaining morale.”[18]
Appendix A: Evolution of The Wipers Times
As the battalion moved from one battlefield to the next, the name of the magazine changed based on their location. In April 1916, just after four publications, The Wipers Times was incorporated with The “New Church” Times due to the fact that the publications were made near Neuve Chapelle translating to New Church. The trench magazine was also known under the name of Kemmel Times, Somme Times, B.E.F Times (British Expeditionary Forces), and for the last two publications issued in November and December of 1918, The Better Times.[19]
Appendix B: Biography of Frederick John Roberts
Lieutenant Colonel F.J. Roberts was born in 1882 to a middle class family in London, England, enrolling Grocer’s Company School also known as Hackney downs in his early adolescence. After graduating from school, Roberts chose to seek a prosperous future as a diamond prospector industry in South Africa instead of following his namesake into the army. When war broke out in 1914, he returned back to England to enlist in the military, commissioned a year later as a second-lieutenant in the 12th Sherwood Foresters battalion, a battalion of men trained as infantry with basic engineering and mining skills. By July, Roberts was promoted to captain of the battalion, the same summer the Sherwood Foresters participated in the battle of Loos, the largest British offensive of that year. In 1916, in Ypres the soldiers had come across and salvaged a printing press which was still functional. With the help of a sergeant who had been a practicing printer they were able to start printing The Wipers Times (the name coming from the inability of soldiers to pronounce Ypre), Roberts being the main editor. After the war had ended in 1918, he retired with the rank of lieutenant colonel and a Military Cross for “Gallantry and Devotion”. Roberts decided to pursue a career as a journalist, but he was repeatedly turned down despite the great success of The Wipers Times. Eventually he chose to return to his previous career as a mining engineer in Canada. Frederick Roberts died in Canada on September 24th. [20]
Appendix C: Biography of John Hesketh Pearson
Major J.H. Pearson, the sub-editor of The Wipers Times, was born in Ombersley, Worcestershire in 1888, attending Bedford school for his primary education. Instead of studying for a career in Church as previous family members had, John Hesketh Pearson became a qualified civil engineer, pursuing an apprenticeship for the London & Northern Line Railway Service in 1904.[21] When war was declared, Pearson applied for a commission and was accepted as an officer, eventually commissioned into the 12th Sherwood Foresters battalion alongside F.J Roberts where his engineering skills would come in useful. When Roberts proposed the idea of creating their own trench publication, Pearson approved the idea wholeheartedly and together they writing and editing The Wipers Times. After the war had ended, he retired from the military as a Major, second in command of the 12th Sherwood Foresters after F.J. Roberts, with a Military Cross for “Gallantry and Devotion for Duty” as well as being awarded a Distinguished Service Order.[22] John Pearson moved to Argentina where he managed a hotel and served as an Honorary Consul of Great Britain until his death in 1966.[23]
Sources
- “ A/ Lieutenant Colonel John Hesketh Pearson M.C., D.S.O.”, The Imperial War Museum, https://livesofthefirstworldwar.org/lifestory/3453787#timeline (accessed March 24, 2018)
- “First World War Trench Journals”, Canadiana, http://www.canadiana.ca/ECO/trench-journals (accessed March 26, 2018)
- “Lieutenant Colonel Frederick Roberts”, The Times, September 20, 2013, https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/lieutenant-colonel-frederick-roberts-vwv5rmdz7m9 (accessed March 24, 2018)
- “Major John ‘Jack’ Pearson”, The Times, September 20, 2013, https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/major-john-jack-pearson-mxv205q3qph (accessed March 24, 2018
- Online Historical Newspapers : Trench Newspapers/Journals - 1st World War, Norco College, https://norcocollege.libguides.com/c.php?g=33030&p=209267 (accessed March 30, 2018)
- “Print Collection 12: The Trench Newspapers”, Pennsylvania State University Library, http://www.library.upenn.edu/collections/rbm/print/printcoll12trenchpaper.html (accessed March 26, 2018)
- Roberts, Lieutenant Colonel F.J., The Wipers Times, London, England: Bloomsbury, 2015
- “ Sale Advertisement in The Wipers Times”, The Wipers Time, 1st Bloomsbury edition, London, England: Bloomsbury, 2015
- “ The Wipers Times”, The Wipers Play, http://www.wiperstimesplay.co.uk (accessed March 26, 2018)
- “The Wipers Times: The soldiers' paper”, National Army Museum, https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/wipers-times (accessed March 22, 2018).
- “Understanding Different Types of Satire”, Thanet Writers, https://thanetwriters.com/essay/technicalities/understanding-different-types-of-satire/ (accessed March 24, 2018)
Footnotes
[1] Later Lieutenant Colonel
[2] Later Major
[3] F.J. Roberts, The Wipers Times (London, England: Bloomsbury, 2015), introduction
[4] “The Wipers Times: The soldiers' paper”, National Army Museum, https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/wipers-times (accessed March 22, 2018).
[5] Roberts, The Wipers Times, 3
[6] “Understanding Different Types of Satire”, Thanet Writers, https://thanetwriters.com/essay/technicalities/understanding-different-types-of-satire/ (accessed March 24, 2018)
[7] Roberts, The Wipers Times, 8
[8] Ibid., 6
[9] Ibid., 3
[10] Ibid., 9
[11] Ibid., 11
[12] Online Historical Newspapers : Trench Newspapers/Journals - 1st World War, Norco College, https://norcocollege.libguides.com/c.php?g=33030&p=209267 (accessed March 30, 2018)
[13] “Print Collection 12: The Trench Newspapers”, Pennsylvania State University Library, http://www.library.upenn.edu/collections/rbm/print/printcoll12trenchpaper.html (accessed March 26, 2018)
[14] “First World War Trench Journals”, Canadiana, http://www.canadiana.ca/ECO/trench-journals (accessed March 26, 2018)
[15]“ The Wipers Times”, The Wipers Play, http://www.wiperstimesplay.co.uk (accessed March 26, 2018)
[16] Roberts, The Wipers Times, Introduction
[17] Ibid., Introduction
[18] “Lieutenant Colonel Frederick Roberts”, The Times, September 20, 2013, https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/lieutenant-colonel-frederick-roberts-vwv5rmdz7m9 (accessed March 24, 2018)
[19] Ibid., introduction
[20] “Lieutenant Colonel Frederick Roberts”, The Times, September 20, 2013, https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/lieutenant-colonel-frederick-roberts-vwv5rmdz7m9 (accessed March 24, 2018)
[21]“ A/ Lieutenant Colonel John Hesketh Pearson M.C., D.S.O.”, The Imperial War Museum, https://livesofthefirstworldwar.org/lifestory/3453787#timeline (accessed March 24, 2018)
[22] “Major John ‘Jack’ Pearson”, The Times, September 20, 2013, https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/major-john-jack-pearson-mxv205q3qph (accessed March 24, 2018)
[23] “A/ Lieutenant Colonel John Hesketh Pearson M.C., D.S.O.”, The Imperial War Museum, https://livesofthefirstworldwar.org/lifestory/3453787#timeline (accessed March 24, 2018)